健康老龄化

我国已经进入人口老龄化快速发展阶段。积极应对人口老龄化，需要着力提高全体公民老年期的健康预期寿命和生活自理能力，最大限度地减少人口老龄化带来的负面效应，在提升老年人生活质量的同时保持经济社会发展的活力。

1990 年世界卫生组织最早提出健康老龄化，以应对人口老龄化的问题。其核心理念是生理健康、心理健康、适应社会良好。健康老龄化，就是要在社会老龄化的情况下，通过全社会的共同努力，改善老龄群体的生活和生命质量，实现健康老龄化社会，使老年人健康幸福地度过晚年。

当前，中国人口老龄化程度持续加深，高龄和失能老年人数量增加，对老年健康服务的刚性需求不断释放，伴随家庭结构的变化，给老年健康服务带来严峻挑战，尤其是老年健康制度体系有待进一步完善。

中国政府提出中国今后 5 年将推进老年健康促进与教育，健全老年医疗卫生服务体系，加强医疗保障体系建设，持续提升老年人健康水平。主要举措有：

1. 加强老年健康教育。健全老年人身边的体育健身组织，丰富老年人身边的体育健身活动。倡导积极健康的生活方式，提高老年人的健康水平和生活质量。开展老年健康保健知识进社区、进家庭活动，针对老年人特点，开发老年健康教育教材，积极宣传适宜老年人的中医养生保健方法，加强老年人自救互救卫生应急技能训练。

2. 做好老年疾病预防工作。做好国家基本公共卫生服务项目中的老年人健康管理服务工作，适当调整老年人健康体检的项目和内容。推广老年痴呆、跌倒、便秘、尿失禁等防治适宜技术，开展老年常见病、慢性病、口腔疾病的筛查干预和健康指导，做到老年疾病早发现、早诊断、早治疗，促进老年人功能健康。

3. 推动开展老年人心理健康与关怀服务。启动老年人心理健康预防和干预计划，为贫困、空巢、失能、失智、计划生育特殊家庭和高龄独居老年人提供日常关怀和心理支持服务。加强对老年严重精神障碍患者的社区管理和康复治疗，鼓励老年人积极参与社会活动，促进老年人心理健康。

4. 加强医疗卫生服务体系中服务老年人的功能建设。加强康复医院、护理院和综合性医院老年病科建设。推动基层医疗卫生机构积极开展老年人医疗、康复、护理、家庭病床等服务，提高老年人医疗卫生服务的可及性。推动安宁疗护服务的发展。倡导为老年人义诊，为行动不便的老年人提供上门服务。到2020年，医疗机构普遍建立为老年人提供挂号、就医等便利服务的绿色通道。

5. 推动居家老年人长期照护服务的发展。强化基层医疗卫生服务网络功能，积极推广家庭医生签约服务，为老年人提供综合、连续、协同、规范的基本医疗和公共卫生服务。充分利用社区卫生服务体系，培育社会护理人员队伍，为居家老年人提供长期照护服务，为家庭成员提供照护培训，探索建立从居家、社区到专业机构的比较健全的长期照护服务供给体系。

6. 加强老年健康相关科研工作。开展大型队列研究,研究判定与预测老年健康的指标、标准与方法，研发可穿戴老年人健康支持技术和设备。探索老年综合症和共病的发病过程与规律，研发综合防治适宜技术、指南和规范，构建老年健康管理网络。

7. 开展老年人中医药健康管理服务项目。扩大中医药健康管理服务项目的覆盖广度和服务深度，不断丰富老年人中医健康指导的内容，推广老年中医体质辨识服务，根据老年人不同体质和健康状态提供更多中医养生保健、疾病防治等健康指导。

8. 推进信息技术支撑健康养老发展，发展智慧健康养老新业态。充分运用互联网、物联网、大数据等信息技术手段，创新健康养老服务模式，开展面向家庭、社区的智慧健康养老应用示范，提升健康养老服务覆盖率和质量效率。搭建智慧健康养老服务平台，对接各级医疗卫生及养老服务资源，建立老年健康动态监测机制，整合信息资源，实现信息共享，为老年人提供健康指导、慢病管理、安全监护等服务。推进医疗机构远程医疗建设，为机构养老人群提供便利服务。

9. 推进老年宜居环境建设。建设老年人社会参与支持环境，从与老年健康息息相关的各方面入手，优化 “住、行、医、养” 等环境，营造安全、便利、舒适、无障碍的老年宜居环境体系。推进老年人住宅适老化改造，支持适老住宅建设。弘扬敬老、养老、助老的社会风尚，强化家庭养老功能，完善家庭养老政策支持体系。

英语翻译：

my country has entered a stage of rapid development of population aging. Active response to population aging requires efforts to improve the healthy life expectancy and self-care ability of all citizens in old age, minimize the negative effects of population aging, and maintain the vitality of economic and social development while improving the quality of life of the elderly.

In 1990, the World Health Organization first proposed healthy aging to deal with the problem of population aging. Its core philosophy is physical health, mental health, and good social adaptation. Healthy aging means to improve the life and quality of life of the aging group through the joint efforts of the whole society under the condition of aging society, realize a healthy aging society, and enable the elderly to spend their old age healthy and happy.

At present, China’s population aging continues to deepen, the number of senior and disabled elderly people is increasing, and the rigid demand for health services for the elderly is constantly released. With the changes in family structure, it brings severe challenges to health services for the elderly, especially the health system for the elderly. Need to be further improved.

The Chinese government proposes that in the next five years, China will promote health promotion and education for the elderly, improve the medical and health service system for the elderly, strengthen the construction of the medical security system, and continue to improve the health of the elderly. The main measures are:

1. Strengthen health education for the elderly. Improve the physical fitness organization around the elderly and enrich the physical fitness activities around the elderly. Advocate an active and healthy lifestyle and improve the health and quality of life of the elderly. Carry out activities for the elderly's health care knowledge to enter the community and family, develop elderly health education textbooks based on the characteristics of the elderly, actively promote the traditional Chinese medicine health care methods suitable for the elderly, and strengthen the elderly self-help and mutual rescue health emergency skills training.

2. Do a good job in the prevention of elderly diseases. Do a good job in the health management services for the elderly in the national basic public health service projects, and appropriately adjust the items and contents of the health examinations for the elderly. Promote appropriate technologies for the prevention and treatment of senile dementia, falls, constipation, and urinary incontinence, and carry out screening interventions and health guidance for common diseases, chronic diseases, and oral diseases in the elderly, so as to achieve early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of senile diseases, and promote the functional health of the elderly .

3. Promote the development of mental health and care services for the elderly. The mental health prevention and intervention plan for the elderly was launched to provide daily care and psychological support services for poverty, empty nest, disability, dementia, family planning special families and the elderly living alone. Strengthen community manag