历史文化史”易错概念汇总

中国传统文化主流思想的演变

1．春秋战国时期，儒家思想受到了当时统治者的重视。

错误。春秋战国时期，社会动乱，最受统治者重视的是法家思想。而儒家思想是在西汉时期，经过董仲舒的改造，并适应汉武帝加强中央集权的需要而成为封建社会的正统思想。

2．孔子、孟子、墨子都代表新兴地主阶级的利益，为新兴地主阶级服务。

错误。孔子的德治思想是为奴隶主阶级服务的；孟子的“仁政”思想则是为新兴地主阶级服务的；墨家的思想是从小生产者的利益出发的。

3．孔孟儒家思想中的“民本”思想与现代我们提倡的“以人为本”的理念无本质区别。

错误。古代儒家思想中的“民本”思想是以“君”为本，维护君主专制统治，是一种统治策略，绝无现代民主思想意识。而现代我们提倡的“以人为本”是以维护人民群众的根本利益为出发点。两者有本质的区别。

4．汉朝的统治思想是儒家思想。

错误。西汉初年的统治思想是道家思想。从汉武帝开始其统治思想变为儒家思想。

5．“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”中的“儒术”完全是孔子时代的“儒学”。

错误。“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”中的“儒术”是指经过董仲舒改造后的糅合了道家、法家、阴阳五行家等的思想而形成的新儒学，已经不完全是孔子时代的儒学了。

6．董仲舒新儒学的根本目的是确立儒学的正统地位。

错误。董仲舒新儒学的根本目的是维护封建统治秩序，神化皇权，而确立儒学正统地位，是新儒学的作用和影响。

7．“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”就是完全否定诸子百家思想。

错误。“罢黜百家”并不意味着完全否定诸子百家思想，而是在对儒家“民本”思想继承与发扬的基础上，吸取了法家、道家、阴阳家等各家思想，形成新的儒学。

8．不管是程朱理学还是陆王心学，都属于主观唯心主义思想。

错误。程朱理学、陆王心学都是唯心主义思想。理学主张天理是万物的本原，属于客观唯心主义。心学主张心是万物的本原，属于主观唯心主义。

9．“三教合一”的含义就是儒、佛、道三教合而为一家。

错误。“三教合一”指儒、佛、道三者在彼此反复辩驳中相互吸纳和渗透，绝对不是三教合而为一家。

10．格物致知就是实践出真知。

错误。格物致知认为“理”是先天存在的，接触世间万事万物是为了加深对“理”的体验和理解；实践出真知是在实践的基础上得出事物发生发展的规律，即“真知”并不是先天存在的，而是在实践的基础上总结出来的。二者有本质的区别。

11．黄宗羲的“天下为主君为客”的思想本质是近代主权在民的思想。

错误。黄宗羲反对君主专制，针对的仅仅是个别残暴的“恶君”，“天下为主君为客”的主张并不能真正体现“主权在民”的观念，他的思想本质上还是封建正统的民本思想。

12．明清之际的思想批判是从根本上否定儒学。

错误。明清之际的思想批判不是从根本上否定儒学，而是在特定历史条件下对儒学的批判与继承，明清之际的三大进步思想家构筑了具有时代特色的新儒学。

13．明清之际的进步思想等同于资产阶级民主思想。

错误。明清之际的进步思想虽反映了资本主义萌芽的时代要求，具有解放思想的进步作用，但只是着眼于对黑暗现实的揭露，并没有上升到制度批判的层次，更没有提出废除封建制度的主张。所提出的为君之道与治国之道，仍然没有跳出“修齐治平”的儒家传统思想范畴，因此绝不能等同于资产阶级民主思想。

14．明清时期的进步思想成为了当时社会的主流思想。

错误。明清时期的主流思想仍然是理学和心学，主要原因是当时政治上君主专制，经济上自然经济占统治地位，思想上文化专制。

古代中国的科学技术与文化

1．中国四大发明的西传是西欧社会进步的根本推动力。

错误。中国四大发明的西传推动了欧洲社会的进步，但是绝不能夸大其作用，欧洲社会的进步，其根本推动力是生产力的进步，资本主义经济的发展。中国四大发明只是外部因素，起了催化剂的作用。

2．西方近代科技与中国传统科技的主要区别是一个发生在近代，一个发生在古代。

错误。两者的主要区别不是时间上的差别。中国古代科技领域主要是应用科学，科学研究主要是采取整理典籍和总结经验的方法。近代科技主要是理论研究，大多数科学家研究的方法是观察和实验，以及数理逻辑推导的方法。

3．中国古代的四大发明在我国古代没有发挥太大的作用，说明其作用不大。

错误。中国古代的四大发明在我国古代没有发挥太大的作用，但不能说明其作用不大，只能说明任何重大科技发明创造，只有在它适应社会发展需要的时候，才能发挥改造社会的巨大作用。

4．毕升是最早发明印刷术的人。

错误。毕升不是最早发明印刷术的人，因为在隋唐时期就已经有了雕版印刷术，并在隋唐时期就开始西传到阿拉伯，而毕升是最早发明活字印刷术的人。

5．《诗经》和《楚辞》的体裁都是诗歌，文学风格相同。

错误。《诗经》和《楚辞》的体裁都是诗歌，但文学风格不同。《诗经》主要是现实主义，《楚辞》是浪漫主义。

6．宋词是在宋代才出现的。

错误。宋词并非在宋代才出现，宋词是宋代伴随着商业的发展，城市的繁荣，市民数量的增加，逐渐成为文学的主流形式和标志的，但词作为文学形式最早出现于唐代。

近代中国思想解放的潮流

1．抵抗派和洋务派代表不同的阶级利益。

错误。抵抗派和洋务派都是地主阶级的代表，代表地主阶级的利益。

2．洋务派是林则徐、魏源的继承者。

错误。林则徐、魏源从反侵略的立场出发，以“师夷”为手段，以“制夷”为目的；而洋务派“制夷”的首要目的却是镇压农民起义，其次是在与列强保持“和好”条件下，徐图自强，因此两者之间尽管有继承关系，但本质还是有区别的。

3．洋务运动违背了历史发展的潮流，因而未能使中国走上富强之路。

错误。洋务运动客观上顺应了工业革命后世界进步潮流，不要误以为它违背了这一潮流。洋务运动引进西方先进的科学和生产技术，客观上顺应了工业革命后世界现代化发展的趋势，不能因其未能使中国走上富强的道路，就无视这一客观事实。

4．坚持“中体西用”的只有地主阶级洋务派。

错误。坚持“中体西用”的不只有地主阶级洋务派，还有早期的资产阶级维新派。

5．康有为等维新派借用孔子的权威宣传变法。新文化运动则提出“打倒孔家店”，二者的实质不同。

错误。康有为等维新派借用孔子权威来宣传变法思想，陈独秀等激进派提出“打倒孔家店”，二者形式虽然不同，但本质都是宣传西方资产阶级思想文化。

6．中国近代民主思想与明清之际带有民主色彩的思想是一脉相承的。

错误。明末清初，以黄宗羲、顾炎武和王夫之等为代表的进步思想家对君主专制制度进行了批判，形成了带有时代特色的思想体系，我们可以将其看作是我国早期民主思想的启蒙，但是它与近代民主思想有着根本区别。中国近代民主思想是从西方引进的，它是近代中国先进人士学习西方的产物，是中国资产阶级变革社会的思想武器。

7．维新派与洋务派在学习西方的问题上不尽相同，差别的根源在于是否学习西方的政治制度。

错误。维新派与洋务派在学习西方的问题上不尽相同，主要差别在于是否学习西方的政治制度，差别的根源在于所代表的阶级利益不同。

8．蔡元培在北京大学提出的“兼容并包”政策实质是对各种思想放任自流。

错误。蔡元培“兼容并包”思想的实质是鼓励资产阶级思想去战胜封建旧思想。

9．康有为和新文化运动代表人物对待孔子的态度不同，但他们的根本目的是不一致的。

错误。在对待孔子及儒家思想的态度上，康有为借用孔子的权威来宣传变法，新文化运动代表人物则喊出“打倒孔家店”。但二者的本质都是宣传资产阶级思想文化。

10．新文化运动摧毁了封建思想。

错误。新文化运动只是冲击了封建思想的统治地位，而没有摧毁封建思想。

20世纪以来中国思想理论成果现代中国文化与科技

1．三民主义的核心是民族主义。

错误。民权主义从理论上解决了夺取政权和建设政权问题，是三民主义的核心(政治革命)。民族主义是三民主义的前提(民族革命)；民生主义是三民主义的补充(社会革命)。

2．平均地权就是平分土地给农民，解决农民的土地问题。

错误。平均地权不是平分土地给农民，而是“核定天下地价，其现有之地价，仍属原主所有，其革命后社会改良进步之增价，则归于国家，为国民所共享”。是资产阶级的土地政策和经济思想，但没有解决农民的土地问题。

3．三民主义中的民族主义就是明确反对帝国主义。

错误。三民主义中的民族主义主要是反对满洲贵族的统治，到了新三民主义才明确提出反对帝国主义。

4．“百家争鸣”是指什么思想都可以争鸣，什么言论都可以争鸣。

错误。“百家争鸣”指学术上不同派别，可以自由争论。文艺科研领域应该有思考与辩论、创作和批评的独立与自由，但要在宪法允许范围之内。

5．新中国的“百家争鸣”与战国时期“百家争鸣”的本质相同。

错误。“双百方针”中的“百家争鸣”是在社会主义制度初步确立的前提下，中华人民共和国宪法范围之内允许在学术问题上的自由争论，本质属于一种文化方针；战国时期的“百家争鸣”指战国各种学派相互诘难、批驳，形成一种思想解放运动，本质是一种社会现象。

6．“双百”方针在贯彻中遭到挫折的原因是“双百”方针本身的问题。

错误。“双百”方针在贯彻中遭到了挫折，并不是“双百”方针本身的问题，而是受到了“左”倾错误的干扰。

7．中国“双百”方针主张的自由与资产阶级民主主义者主张的自由相同。

错误。中国“双百”方针主张的自由与资产阶级民主主义者主张的自由不同。中国“双百”方针主张的自由是人民内部的自由，即是为人民服务的，是多数人的自由。而资产阶级民主主义者所主张的自由是少数人的自由，是资产阶级的自由。

8．“双百”方针是一个暂时性的方针。

错误。政治运动对文艺的冲击所造成的破坏非常巨大，尤其是十年“文革”中，许多文艺界、学术界的代表人物遭到批斗或下放到农场改造，整个文艺界呈现出“百花凋零”的局面。“文革”证明“双百”方针不是一个暂时性的，而是一个长期性的方针。

西方人文精神起源与发展近代以来科学技术的辉煌

1．苏格拉底是智者学派的代表人物。

错误。智者学派代表人物是普罗塔戈拉。苏格拉底与智者学派主张的相同点是重视人的价值，区别是智者学派强调人的作用，但忽视道德，而苏格拉底既强调人的价值，也重视道德，提出“有思

2．孔子与苏格拉底都提出重视道德，但他们的目的是相同的。

错误。孔子主张“仁”“为政以德”，希望恢复奴隶社会秩序；苏格拉底主张“有思想力的人是万物的尺度”，目的是重建城邦公德。

3．文艺复兴反对宗教信仰。

错误。文艺复兴的矛头指向天主教会，反对教会扼杀人性，主张将人性从宗教束缚中解放出来，但并不反对宗教信仰。文艺复兴时期的代表人物也是信仰宗教的。

4．苏格拉底否定倡导“有思想力的人是万物的尺度”，因此他否定“人是万物的尺度”。

错误。苏格拉底倡导“有思想力的人是万物的尺度”，其目的在于要求人们重视道德的修养，重建人们的道德价值观。不仅没有否定“人是万物的尺度”这一观点，相反却是对这一观点的完善、发展，进一步体现了人文主义精神。

5．“吾爱吾师，吾尤爱真理”意味着亚里士多德不尊重柏拉图或对其思想的否定。

错误。亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生，他所说“吾爱吾师，但吾更爱真理”，并不意味着亚里士多德不尊重柏拉图或对其思想的否定，而是说明人类要勇于追求真理。

6．“文艺复兴运动”的实质是复兴古代希腊、罗马文化的运动。

错误。“文艺复兴”从表面上看是欧洲先进知识分子复兴希腊、罗马古典文化的运动，实质是反映欧洲新兴资产阶级要求的思想解放运动。

7．宗教改革的实质和目的是摧毁天主教会的精神独裁。

错误。宗教改革是16世纪一场爆发于德意志并迅速席卷西欧的社会思想政治运动，实质上是早期资产阶级的反封建斗争。其目的是建立适应资本主义发展的廉俭教会。

8．启蒙运动兴起于法国。

错误。启蒙运动兴起于英国，高潮出现在法国。

9．启蒙运动的高潮出现在英国。

错误。启蒙运动最早出现在英国，但高潮出现在法国。这是因为它是资本主义的发展受到封建专制制度阻碍在思想上的反映，是法国社会矛盾特别尖锐的产物。

10．只有启蒙运动强调理性。

错误。智者学

Evolution of the mainstream thought of Chinese traditional culture

1. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Confucianism was valued by the rulers at that time.

Error. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the society was in turmoil, and the rulers paid the most attention to Legalism. Confucianism was transformed by Dong Zhongshu in the Western Han Dynasty and adapted to the need of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization, which became the orthodox thought of feudal society.

2. Confucius, Mencius and Mozi all represent the interests of the new landlord class and serve the new landlord class.

Error. Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue serves the slave owners. Mencius' thought of "benevolent governance" serves the new landlord class; Mohist thought is based on the interests of small producers.

3. There is no essential difference between the "people-oriented" thought in Confucius and Mencius Confucianism and the "people-oriented" idea advocated by us in modern times.

Error. The thought of "people-oriented" in ancient Confucianism is based on "monarch", which is a ruling strategy and has no modern democratic ideology. In modern times, "people-oriented" advocated by us is based on safeguarding the fundamental interests of the people. There are essential differences between them.

4. The ruling thought of Han Dynasty is Confucianism.

Error. The ruling thought in the early Western Han Dynasty was Taoism. From Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, his ruling thought changed into Confucianism.

5. "Confucianism" in "ousting hundreds of people and respecting Confucianism alone" is the "Confucianism" in Confucius era.

Error. "Confucianism" in "ousting a hundred schools and respecting Confucianism alone" refers to the new Confucianism formed by combining the thoughts of Taoism, Legalism, Yin and Yang and Five Elements after Dong Zhongshu's transformation, which is not completely Confucianism in Confucius era.

6. The fundamental purpose of Dong Zhongshu's new Confucianism is to establish the orthodox position of Confucianism.

Error. The fundamental purpose of Dong Zhongshu's Neo-Confucianism is to maintain the feudal ruling order and deify the imperial power, while establishing the orthodox position of Confucianism is the function and influence of Neo-Confucianism.

7. "To oust a hundred schools and respect Confucianism alone" is to completely deny hundred schools of thought Thought.

Error. "ousting a hundred schools" does not mean completely denying hundred schools of thought thought, but on the basis of inheriting and carrying forward Confucian people-oriented thought, absorbing various thoughts of Legalism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and forming a new Confucianism.

8. Both Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang Xin Xue belong to subjective idealism.

Error. Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang Xin Xue are all idealistic thoughts. Neo-Confucianism holds that justice is the origin of all things and belongs to objective idealism. Psychology advocates that heart is the origin of all things and belongs to subjective idealism.

9. "Three religions in one" means that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are integrated into one family.

Error. "Three religions in one" means that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism absorb and penetrate each other in their repeated refutation, and it is definitely not a combination of the three religions.

10. To learn from things is to learn from practice.

Error. Knowing things means that "reason" is innate, and contacting everything in the world is to deepen the experience and understanding of "reason"; To learn true knowledge from practice is to get the law of the occurrence and development of things on the basis of practice, that is, "true knowledge" is not innate, but summed up on the basis of practice. There are essential differences between them.

11. The essence of Huang Zongxi's thought of "the world is the king and the guest" is the modern thought that sovereignty belongs to the people.

Error. Huang Zongxi's opposition to absolute monarchy is only aimed at individual cruel "evil kings". The idea that "the world is the master and the guest" can't really reflect the concept of "sovereignty lies with the people". His thought is essentially feudal orthodox people-oriented thought.

12. The ideological criticism during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was to fundamentally deny Confucianism.

Error. The ideological criticism during the Ming and Qing Dynasties is not to fundamentally deny Confucianism, but to criticize and inherit Confucianism under specific historical conditions. The three progressive thinkers during the Ming and Qing Dynasties constructed a new Confucianism with the characteristics of the times.

13. The progressive thought during the Ming and Qing Dynasties is equivalent to the bourgeois democratic thought.

Error. Although the progressive thought at the time of Ming and Qing Dynasties reflected the requirements of the times when capitalism sprouted and had the progressive function of emancipating the mind, it only focused on exposing the dark reality, and did not rise to the level of system criticism, let alone put forward the idea of abolishing feudal system. The proposed way of governing the country and the way of governing the country still does not jump out of the category of Confucian traditional thought of "repairing Qi and ruling Ping", so it must not be equated with bourgeois democratic thought.

14. The progressive thought in Ming and Qing Dynasties became the mainstream thought in the society at that time.

Error. The mainstream thought in Ming and Qing Dynasties is still Neo-Confucianism and psychology, which is mainly due to the autocratic monarchy in politics, the dominant position in economy and the autocratic culture in thought.

Science, Technology and Culture in Ancient China

1. The spread of China's four great inventions to the west is the fundamental driving force for social progress in Western Europe.

Error. The spread of China's four great inventions to the west has promoted the progress of European society, but its role must not be exaggerated. The fundamental driving force of the progress of European society is the progress of productivity and the development of capitalist economy. China's four great inventions are only external factors and play the role of catalyst.

2. The main difference between western modern science and technology and Chinese traditional science and technology is that one occurred in modern times and the other in ancient times.

Error. The main difference between them is not the time difference. In ancient China, the field of science and technology was mainly applied science, and scientific research mainly adopted the methods of sorting out ancient books and summing up experience. Modern science and technology is mainly theoretical research, and the research methods of most scientists are observation and experiment, as well as mathematical logic derivation.

3. The four great inventions in ancient China didn't play a big role in ancient China, which shows that they didn't play a big role.

Error. The four great inventions in ancient China didn't play a big role in ancient China, but they can't show that they didn't play a big role. They can only show that any major scientific and technological inventions and creations can play a great role in transforming society only when they meet the needs of social development.

4. Bi Sheng was the first person to invent printing.

Error. Bi Sheng was not the first person to invent printing, because engraving printing had already existed in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it began to spread to Arabia in the west during Sui and Tang Dynasties, while Bi Sheng was the first person to invent movable type printing.

5. Both The Book of Songs and Songs of the South are poems with the same literary style.

Error. Both The Book of Songs and Chuci are poems, but their literary styles are different. The Book of Songs is mainly realism, while Songs of Chu is romanticism.

6. Song Ci only appeared in Song Dynasty.

Error. Song Ci didn't appear in Song Dynasty. With the development of commerce, the prosperity of cities and the increase of the number of citizens, Song Ci gradually became the mainstream form and symbol of literature, but as a literary form, Song Ci first appeared in Tang Dynasty.

The trend of ideological emancipation in modern China

1. Resistance and Westernization represent different class interests.

Error. Resistance and Westernization are representatives of the landlord class, representing the interests of the landlord class.

2. The Westernization Movement is the successor of Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan.

Error. From the standpoint of anti-aggression, Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan took "learning from the barbarians" as the means and "controlling the barbarians" as the purpose; However, the primary purpose of the Westernization Movement to "control the barbarians" is to suppress the peasant uprising. Secondly, under the condition of keeping "harmony" with the great powers, Xu Tu strives for self-improvement. Therefore, although there is an inheritance relationship between them, their essence is still different.

3. The Westernization Movement went against the trend of historical development, thus failing to make China on the road to prosperity.

Error. The Westernization Movement objectively conforms to the trend of world progress after the industrial revolution, so don't mistake it for violating this trend. The Westernization Movement introduced western advanced science and production technology, which objectively conformed to the trend of world modernization after the industrial revolution, and could not ignore this objective fact because it failed to make China on the road of prosperity and strength.

4. Only the Westernization Group of the landlord class insists on "using Chinese style in the west".

Error. It is not only the landlord-class Westernization Group but also the early bourgeois reformers who insist on "using Chinese style in the west".

5. Kang Youwei and other reformists borrowed Confucius' authority to publicize the reform. The New Culture Movement put forward "Down with Kongjiadian", which is different in essence.

Error. Kang Youwei and other reformists borrowed Confucius' authority to publicize the thought of political reform, while Chen Duxiu and other radicals put forward "overthrowing Kongjiadian". Although their forms are different, their essence is to publicize the western bourgeois ideology and culture.

6. China's democratic thoughts in modern times and the thoughts with democratic colors in Ming and Qing Dynasties come down in one continuous line.

Error. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, progressive thinkers such as Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi criticized the autocratic monarchy and formed an ideological system with the characteristics of the times. We can regard it as the enlightenment of early democratic thoughts in China, but it is fundamentally different from modern democratic thoughts. China's modern democratic thought was introduced from the West, which was the product of modern Chinese advanced people learning from the West and the ideological weapon of Chinese bourgeoisie's social transformation.

7. The reformists and Westernization Groups are different in learning from the West, and the root of the difference lies in whether to learn from the Western political system.

Error. Reformers and Westernization Groups are different in learning from the West. The main difference lies in whether to learn from the Western political system. The root of the difference lies in the different class interests they represent.

8. The policy of "all-inclusive" put forward by Cai Yuanpei at Peking University is essentially to let all kinds of ideas drift.

Error. The essence of Cai Yuanpei's thought of "all-inclusive" is to encourage bourgeois ideology to overcome the old feudal ideology.

9. Kang Youwei and the representatives of the New Culture Movement have different attitudes towards Confucius, but their fundamental aims are inconsistent.

Error. In the attitude towards Confucius and Confucianism, Kang Youwei borrowed the authority of Confucius to publicize the political reform, while the representatives of the New Culture Movement shouted "Down with Kongjiadian". But the essence of both is to publicize bourgeois ideology and culture.

10. The New Culture Movement destroyed feudal ideology.

Error. The New Culture Movement only impacted the dominant position of feudal thought, but did not destroy it.

Achievements of Chinese Thought and Theory since the 20th Century Modern Chinese Culture and Science and Technology

1. The core of the Three People's Principles is nationalism.

Error. Civil rights doctrine theoretically solves the problem of seizing and building political power, and is the core of the Three People's Principles (political revolution). Nationalism is the premise of the Three People's Principles (national revolution); People's Livelihood is the supplement of the Three People's Principles (social revolution).

2. Average land right is to divide the land equally to farmers and solve the land problem of farmers.

Error. The average land right is not to divide the land equally to farmers, but to "verify the land price in the world, the existing land price is still owned by the original owner, and the price increase of social improvement and progress after the revolution is attributed to the country and shared by the people". It is the land policy and economic thought of the bourgeoisie, but it does not solve the land problem of farmers.

3. Nationalism in the Three People's Principles means explicitly opposing imperialism.

Error. Nationalism in the Three People's Principles is mainly opposed to the rule of Manchurian aristocrats, and it was not until the New Three People's Principles that it explicitly put forward its opposition to imperialism.

4. "A hundred schools of thought contend" means that all thoughts can contend and all speeches can contend.

Error. "A hundred schools of thought contend" refers to different academic factions, which can argue freely. There should be independence and freedom of thinking and debate, creation and criticism in the field of literary and artistic research, but it should be within the scope permitted by the Constitution.

5. The essence of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in New China is the same as that in Warring States Period.

Error. "A hundred schools of thought contend" in the "Double Hundred Policy" is a cultural policy that allows free debate on academic issues within the scope of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China on the premise of the initial establishment of the socialist system. During the Warring States Period, "a hundred schools of thought contend" means that various schools of thought in the Warring States Period challenged and criticized each other, forming an ideological liberation movement, which is essentially a social phenomenon.

6. The setback in the implementation of the "double hundred" policy is due to the problem of the "double hundred" policy itself.

Error. The "double hundred" policy suffered setbacks in its implementation, not because of the "double hundred" policy itself, but because of the "left" mistakes.

7. The freedom advocated by China's "double hundred" policy is the same as that advocated by bourgeois Democrats.

Error. The freedom advocated by China's "double hundred" policy is different from that advocated by bourgeois Democrats. The freedom advocated by China's "double hundred" policy is the freedom within the people, that is, serving the people and the freedom of the majority. The freedom advocated by bourgeois Democrats is the freedom of a few people and the freedom of the bourgeoisie.

8. The "double hundred" policy is a temporary one.

Error. The impact of political movements on literature and art has caused great damage, especially during the ten-year Cultural Revolution, many representatives of literary and academic circles were criticized or delegated to farms for transformation, and the whole literary and art circles showed a situation of "flowers dying". The Cultural Revolution proved that the policy of "double hundred" is not a temporary one, but a long-term one.

Origin and development of western humanistic spirit: the glory of science and technology since modern times

1. Socrates is the representative figure of the school of wise men.

Error. The representative of the school of the wise is Protagora. Socrates and the school of the wise advocate the same point of attaching importance to human value, but the difference is that the school of the wise emphasizes the role of human beings, but ignores morality, while Socrates emphasizes both human value and morality, and puts forward "thinking

2. Both Confucius and Socrates put forward to attach importance to morality, but their purpose is the same.

Error. Confucius advocated "benevolence" and "governing by virtue" and hoped to restore the slave social order; Socrates advocated that "a man with thinking power is the yardstick of all things", with the aim of rebuilding the city-state morality.

3. The Renaissance opposed religious belief.

Error. The Renaissance pointed its finger at the Catholic Church, opposed the church's strangling of humanity, and advocated the liberation of humanity from religious bondage, but did not oppose religious belief. The representatives of Renaissance also believed in religion.

4. Socrates denied advocating that "a man with thinking power is the yardstick of all things", so he denied that "man is the yardstick of all things".

Error. Socrates advocated that "a thoughtful person is the yardstick of all things", which aims at asking people to attach importance to moral cultivation and rebuild people's moral values. Instead of denying the view that "man is the yardstick of all things", it improves and develops this view and further embodies the humanistic spirit.

5. "I love my teacher, and I especially love truth" means Aristotle doesn't respect Plato or denies his thoughts.

Error. Aristotle is a student of Plato. What he said, "I love my teacher, but I love truth more" doesn't mean that Aristotle doesn't respect Plato or deny his thoughts, but that human beings should be brave in pursuing truth.

6. The essence of "Renaissance Movement" is the movement of reviving ancient Greek and Roman culture.

Error. On the surface, "Renaissance" is the movement of European advanced intellectuals to revive the classical culture of Greece and Rome, and its essence is the ideological liberation movement that reflects the requirements of the new bourgeoisie in Europe.

7. The essence and purpose of the religious reform is to destroy the spiritual dictatorship of the Catholic Church.

Error. Religious reform was a social ideological and political movement which broke out in Germany and swept across Western Europe in the 16th century, and it was essentially the anti-feudal struggle of the early bourgeoisie. Its purpose is to establish a frugal church that adapts to the development of capitalism.

8. The Enlightenment started in France.

Error. The Enlightenment started in England, and its climax appeared in France.

9. The climax of the Enlightenment appeared in Britain.

Error. The Enlightenment first appeared in Britain, but its climax appeared in France. This is because it is the reflection of the thought that the development of capitalism is hindered by feudal autocracy, and it is the product of particularly sharp social contradictions in France.

10. Only the Enlightenment emphasized rationality.

Error. Wise man's study