中国历史常识

商朝最后的统治者纣王好酒淫乐，中国历史常识观后感。周武王时，周联合其他部落讨伐商朝，经过牧野之战，推翻了商朝，建立了周朝(约公元前世纪公元前年)。

周朝建立后，分封了大大小小个小国，有鲁齐魏晋宋燕等。这些小国的国君叫诸侯。

西周前期多年，中原一带产生了许多大型乐舞。祭祀山川时用的是表现大禹治水的《大夏》舞，纪念武王伐纣功绩的武舞是《大武》舞。

公元前年，周平王将都城东迁，名为“东周”。分为“春秋” “战国”两个时期。

春秋时期，多个诸侯国林立，互相争夺，胜者成为霸主，出现了 “春秋五霸”，一般的说 法是齐桓公晋文公秦穆公宋襄公楚庄王。

公元前年，楚庄王“问鼎大小轻重”。鼎是王权象征，传说大禹铸了九个鼎，代表九州。楚庄王问鼎，表明他有做天子的野心。

春秋中后期，吴越两国交恶。先是吴王阖庐战败受伤而死。其子吴王夫差立志报仇，让人每天高声提醒他:“夫差，你忘了杀父之仇了么?”后来，吴国在夫差的领导下打败了越国。

越王勾践决心雪耻。他“卧薪尝胆”，每天高声自问:“勾践，你忘了亡国的耻辱么?”越国经过十年生聚，十年教训，再次打败吴国，吴王夫差自杀。

约年前，中国出了位伟大的思想家——老子。老子是道家学派的创始人。(右图)

《道德经》又名《老子》，书里写着:祸有时会成为福的因由，福中有时藏伏着祸。因此要注意“物极必反”， 还要注意“道”“德”相长。

生活于公元前——前年的孔子是一位大思想家大教育家，是儒家学派的创始人，资料共享平台《中国历史常识观后感》(https://www.unjs.com)。

孔子最早在中国兴办私学，他有弟子三千人，贤者七十二人。

孔子为中国古代文化发展作出了不朽的贡献，他整理编订了《易》《诗》《礼》《乐》老子授经图孙武像 《尚书》《春秋》等 “六经”。

孔子享年岁，死后葬在鲁国都城北边(今山东曲阜“孔林”处)。孔子故居后来改建为“孔庙”。

孔子的.学生们追忆孔子日常教诲和生活行为，整理成一部语录体书，称作《论语》，这部书成为儒家的经典，对后世有很大影响。

孙武，是春秋末期一位杰出的军事家。传世有著名的兵书《孙子兵法》十三篇。(左图)

《孙子兵法》提出了著名的“ 知彼知已，百战不殆”“攻其不备，出其不意”“兵无常势，水无常形”等许多战争原则。

《孙子兵法》的根本宗旨在于:精通战争的目的是为了“不战而屈人之兵”。《孙子兵法》因此被称为“兵学圣典”，并被广泛应用于政治外交商战体育等领域。

《孙膑兵法》是另一位杰出的军事家，战国时期的孙膑所著，孙膑是孙武的后代。

齐将田忌与齐王赛马屡败。孙膑教田忌改用自己的下等马对齐王的上等马，败一场;再用自己的上等马中等马分别与齐王的中等马下等马对阵，田忌胜二场，总比分:，田忌胜。“孙膑赛马”是一个很著名的策略。

战国时期开始后，各个诸侯国都和周王一样，自称为王，其中的七个强国号称“战国七雄”，他们展开了“兼天下”“一宇内”的战争。

春秋战国时期，中国盛行“钟鼓之乐”。近年在湖北随县曾侯乙墓中，出土了件古代乐器。

英语翻译：

King Zhou, the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty, had a good drink and pleasure, a common sense of Chinese history. In the reign of Emperor Wu of Zhou, Zhou joined other tribes to crusade against the Shang Dynasty. After the Battle of Muye, the Shang Dynasty was overthrown and the Zhou Dynasty was established (approximately BC century BC).

After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, small countries, large and small, were entrusted, including Lu Qi, Wei Jin, Song Yan, etc. The monarchs of these small countries are called princes.

For many years in the early period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, many large-scale music and dances occurred in the Central Plains. When offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, the "Da Xia" dance was used to show Yu's water control, and the "Da Wu" dance was used to commemorate the feats of King Wu's defeating Emperor Wu.

In BC, King Zhou Ping moved the capital to the east and named it "Eastern Zhou". It is divided into two periods: "Spring and Autumn" and "Warring States".

During the Spring and Autumn Period, many vassal states were standing and competing for each other. The winner became the hegemon, and the "Spring and Autumn Five Hegemony" appeared. Generally speaking, it is Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Song Xianggong, and Chuzhuang king.

In BC, the king of Chuzhuang "has aspirations for big and small." The tripod is a symbol of royal power. Legend has it that Dayu cast nine tripods to represent Kyushu. The king of Chuzhuang's aspiration shows that he has the ambition to be the emperor.

In the mid-to-late Spring and Autumn Period, Wu and Yue were at odds. First, Wu Wang Helu was defeated and injured and died. His son Wu Wang Fu Cha was determined to avenge him, and he was reminded loudly every day: "Fuchai, have you forgotten to kill your father?" Later, Wu Guo defeated Yue Guo under the leadership of Fu Chai.

Yue Wang Goujian determined to shame. He "had a bit of courage" and asked himself loudly every day: "Goujian, have you forgotten the shame of subjugating the country?" After ten years of gathering and ten years of lessons, the Yue country defeated Wu again, and Wu Wangfucha committed suicide.

About a year ago, a great thinker-Laozi appeared in China. Lao Tzu is the founder of Taoist school. (Picture on the right)

"Tao De Jing" is also known as "Lao Tzu", and it says: Sometimes misfortune can be the cause of blessing, and sometimes misfortune is hidden in the blessing. Therefore, we must pay attention to "things must be reversed", and we must also pay attention to the complementarity of "Tao" and "De".

Living in BC-the year before, Confucius was a great thinker and educator, the founder of the Confucian school, and the information sharing platform "Common Sense of Chinese History" (https://www.unjs.com).

Confucius was the first to set up a private school in China. He had 3,000 disciples and 72 wise men.

Confucius made an immortal contribution to the development of ancient Chinese culture. He compiled and compiled the "Six Classics" such as "Yi", "Poetry", "Ritual", "Yue" Lao Tzu's enlightenment by Sun Wu, "Shangshu", "Spring and Autumn Period".

Confucius died at his age and was buried in the north of the capital city of Lu (now "Kong Lin" in Qufu, Shandong). The former residence of Confucius was later converted into a "Confucian Temple".

Confucius. The students recalled Confucius' daily teachings and life behaviors and compiled a quotation book called "The Analects". This book became a classic of Confucianism and had a great influence on later generations.

Sun Wu was an outstanding military strategist in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Thirteen chapters of the famous military book "The Art of W